DIMENSIONES DE LOS INCISIVOS PERMANENTES CENTRALES DEL BOVINO CRIOLLO PATAGÓNICO Y DE OTROS GRUPOS RACIALES
Martínez R., Fernández E., Abbiati N., Rovegno M., pag 45-50. 

 full pdf (download 891, size 1190 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The permanent incisors in cattle have two parts, the crown (visible portion) and root. With age, wears the crown condition the life of animals. We studied the dimensions of the left central incisor (DI) and right (DD) of steers 24 to 30 months of age (2 teeth) of four genotypes: Patagonian Creole (CP) (n = 8), Aberdeen Angus (AA) (n = 7), cross the Patagonian Creole by Aberdeen Angus (CRAA) (n = 7) and Hereford (HE) (n = 9). In each tooth were measured: Total length (LT), distance from the root apex to the incisal edge, crown length (LC), distance from the incisal edge to the neck length of the root (LR ), distance from the neck to the apex of the root Maximum Width (AMA), distance between the edges at the mesodistal apical Minimum Width (AMI), distance between meso-distal edges at the neck; Surface crown (SC), calculated as ((AMA) + (AMI) / 2) * (LC), thickness of the base of the crown (EB), vestibular-lingual distance up to the neck thickness of the tip crown (EP), thickness of the incisal edge in the middle and the weight of the Tooth (EP). Variance analysis was done, principal components and discriminant. The DI and DD were symmetrical so they work with averages. LT, AMI and EB did not differ between genotypes, while the LC, LR, AMA and SC, there were differences (P<0,05), forming two groups: the pure British and the rest. In EP, CRAA differed from the rest and in PE, AA differed from everyone. The first two principal components explained 73% of the variation. The first component distinguishes two groups AA+HE of CRAA+CP. The discriminant analysis confirmed the previous results. The racial component is a source of variation in some aspects of dental morphology.

CARACTERIZACIÓN MORFOLÓGICA DE LOS RASGOS CORPORALES USADOS EN LA EVALUACIÓN LINEAL DE LA RAZA BOVINA CARORA
Riera-Nieves M., Vila-Vals V., Nieves-Crespo L., Pérez-Arévalo M.L., Gavidia-Terán J.I., pag 51-55. 

 full pdf (download 1046, size 1047 KB)| abstract ESCONDER 6146 Carora cows breed were evaluated in order to know bodily features that limit milk production in tropical conditions. These traits are measured in centimeters, height or stature, body depth, strength or vigor, the rump width and angularity, represent of value each of these traits in the overall evaluation of animal. The height or stature is measured with the standing animal, as the distance from the floor to the cross, body depth measurement is taken as reference the last rib and is measured as the distance found between the back of the cow and the bottom floor of the abdomen, the strength or vigor is measured between both scapulohumeral joints or shoulder, rump width is the distance between the two ischial tuberosities, the angularity is the subjective assessment of the evaluator, the which is appreciated from the back of the animal, inquiring how muscular or scrawny of it, for this purpose uses a continuous scale ranging from 1 animal muscular or rough up range 5 animal coined or angular. The animals were measured with a ruler designed for this purpose and the assessment was made within 30 days after birth calving, in the data collected were 68.13% are animals with intermediate height, 26.04% of the herd were evaluated are high cows. The 58.10% of the animals are moderataly wide between the scapulohumeral joint. The 68.16% of animals were studied with intermediate depth. The 99.56% of the cows were Carora are very wide of hip, when term benefiting animal's birth. The 61.37% animals were classified as angular, and 37.71% as intermediate. Concluding that Carora breed cows are, strength, body depth and angularity, moderality high and very wide hips.

CARACTERIZACIÓN MORFOLÓGICA Y FANERÓPTICA DE LA CABRA APURIMEÑA PERUANA
Gómez N.C., Bustinza R.H., Revidatti M.A., Ferrando A., Milán M.J., Jordana J.., pag 57-60. 

 full pdf (download 805, size 1000 KB)| abstractESCONDER 209 goats over 2 years old (44 males and 165 non-pregnant females) were randomly selected from five provinces in the Apurimac region of Peru: Abancay (17-31), Andahuaylas (9-36), Chincheros (7-31), Aymaraes (5-33) and Grau (6-34). All goats were evaluated to determine the state of homogeneity or heterogeneity and to describe their morphotype according to morphological character including 14 qualitative traits, 10 quantitative traits, and 9 zoometric indexes. This information is essential to develop and propose a breed description, and subsequently a breed standard. Results indicate that the Apurimeña goat has a eumetric phenotype, with a brevilineous to mediolineous trend. Frontonasal profile is straight (69.4%), horns are arched (53.6%) and coat color is generally spotted in different patterns (44.5%). The hair is short (86.6%), ears have medium length (57.4%) and are horizontal (49.3%). Most have a beard (60.8%), skin and mucous membranes are usually pigmented (82.3%) as are hooves (95.2%). There is a marked sexual dimorphism for the frontonasal profile and the type of horns (P<0.001). Significant sexual dimorphism is also seen in these quantitative variables: height at withers, chest height, chest width, rump width, chest girth and cannon bone circumference. The body length, chest height, head width, head length and cannon bone circumference were the variables most discriminating among different goat subpopulations. The values of Mahalanobis distances determined that the Andahuaylas and Chincheros populations were most uniform (P>0.05) while Chincheros and Abancay were most variable (P<0.001).

RELEVAMIENTO MORFOLOGICO DE OVINOS CRIOLLOS EN CUATRO REGIONES DE LA ARGENTINA. INFORME PRELIMINAR
Peña S., Lopez G., Martínez R., Abbiati N., Género E., Garófalo M., pag 61-66. 

 full pdf (download 808, size 1100 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Creole pigs of Department of ChocÓ are rustic animals, adapted to a very wet region and have been the basis for food security of rural communities for centuries. They are bred in freedom or in corrals built with local materials, located below house or in remote sites. They are now disappearing due to conflicts among neighbors for damage to their breeding crops that generate the free breeding and for foment of inappropriate races for the region. They have not yet been characterized or recognized as a race. To study their morphologic, 34 adult pigs of African-descendant and indigenous populations from BaudÓ, El Valle y Dubasa Rivers were analyzed. 14 quantitative, 10 qualitative variables and 5 zoometric index were measured. Are animals with short body, sub-concave front profile (55,88%), dolichocephalic trend, celtic ears (44,12%), black or spotted coat (76,46%), cloven (94,12%) and clear (52,94%) hoof, dark mucous (52,94%), straight tail (64,71%), 10 to 12 average nipples (89,48%) and absence of mamellas (97,06%)

CARACTERIZACIÓN FENOTÍPICA DE LA RAZA OVINA CRIOLLA CHILOTA Y DOS RAZAS OVINAS PREDOMINANTES EN EL SUR DE CHILE
Mujica F., Mella J., de la Barra R., Blanco J.A., pag 60-62. 

 full pdf (download 1665, size 939 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Phenotipic characterization determines important animal characteristics to establish selection processes based on forms and dimensions, thus allowing to keep racial characteristics, often times affected negatively by indiscriminate crossed with exotic breeds. These uncontrolled crosses have produced loss of identity and even extinction of native genetic resources. The “ovino criollo chilote”, a breed that was almost to the point of extinction a few years ago, is presently considered a valuable genetic resource of the Chiloe archipelago, due to its adaptation to local climatic and management practices, all of this attributed to its productive characteristics which are very valued by local farmers. In the south of Chile predominate sheep breeds of foreign origin, mainly Romney Marh and Suffolk Down. The objective of the present work is to analyze phenotipically the ovino criollo chilote breed and to compare it with the breeds that predominate in the area. This was done by evaluating the morphological structure of females of the three breeds, by comparing their potential production and by determining their so-called degree of anatomical harmony. For this purpose 120 females of the three breeds were studied.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE PÔNEIS DA RAÇA BRASILEIRA ATRAVÉS DE MEDIDAS LINEARES
Quirino C.R., Matos L.F. , Bartholazzi Júnior A., Castro T. de, Silva R.C, Silva J.L.L. ,pag 71-74. 

 full pdf (download 1295, size 1061 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The conservation of equine germplasm is beginning to be treated in Brazil. There are significant reports on the conservation of equines, including mini horses or ponies. Ponies are considered as a small horse. The animals are descendants of Brazilian Race Pony Ponies "Shetland" of Scotland and Ponies "Falabella" of Argentina, but still do not have much information about them. Thus, these animals must be identified and characterized genetically with genealogical records and molecular techniques using DNA markers. The objective of this study was to characterize 10 linear measurements of Brazilian pony breed, born between 1996 to 2010 in the Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. For all measures analyzed (height at withers and croup, length of head, neck, back, loin, rump and body width of the head, chest and hip), the sire of the animal, sex and registration year were included in the analysis model. We found significant differences due to sex and year of registration of the animal and the sire of animals. The averages were 0.86 ± 0.06 m height at the withers, 0.87 ± 0.06 m for hip height, 0.38 ± 0.03 m for head length, 0.36 ± 0.03 m length of the neck , 0.36 ± 0.04 m for the length of the back rib, 0.31 ± 0.03 m for rump length, 0.92 ± 0.07 m for body length and 0.16 ± 0.01 m width of the head, 0.23 ± 0.03 m width of the chest and 0.32 ± 0.02 m width of the hip. The correlations between traits were medium to high. Phenotypic trends were observed for the reduction of all linear measurements over the years, except for the length and width of the croup..

INDICADORES PRODUCTIVOS DE HEMBRAS CAPRINAS EN EL OESTE DE FORMOSA, ARGENTINA
Revidatti M.A., De la Rosa S.A., Cappello-Villada J.S., Orga A., pag 75-81.

 full pdf (download 869, size 1039 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The lack of definition of Creole goats (CF) in the semiarid region of Formosa, resulted in a project to characterize and evaluate their performance in relation to exotic breeds Boer (B) and Anglo Nubian (AN). This paper presents the females productive evaluation through the following variables: duration of gestation (DG), prolificacy (P), lambing percentages (% P), birth weight (PN), perinatal mortality rate (% MP), weaning percentage (% D) and weight at weaning (PD), according to genotype (G), body condition (CC) of 1 to 5, type of delivery (TP), single or multiple (S or M) and year (A) 2011 and 2013. The study included 178 females: 77 AN, 48 CF and 53 B, subject to the same nutritional regimen, health and management. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and post-hot and / or χ2 test of independence depending on type of data analyzed. The DG showed significant differences in G (p = 0.0013) in favor of B and CF; TP (p = 0.0002) being shorter in M, in A (p = 0.04), where 2011 presented a shorter duration and CC (p = 0.04), grade 2 being longer. In P, were significant the variables G (p = 0.0124) in favor of CF and A (p <0001) with an advantage in 2011. The PN was significant for G (p <0.0001), TP (p <0.0001) and CC (p = 0.0006) with highest values in AN and B, in S and higher grades of CC, respectively. The PNs were significantly different for A (p <0.0001), TP (p <0.0001) and CC (p <0.0001). We performed test of independence χ2 for % P, the % D and % MP, not being dependent in any case. P stands in CF, as an indicator of adaptation to the environment. All of the information will be appropriate for management of the populations studied in the marginal conditions of western Formosa and in addition to the morphological characteristics already studied for the breed standard.

CARACTERIZACIÓN ZOOMÉTRICA EN EL CERDO PAMPA ROCHA DE URUGUAY (DESCRIPTIVA PRIMARIA)
Castro G., Montenegro M., Barlocco N., Vadell A., Gagliardi R., Llambí S., pag 83-86.

 full pdf (download 1070, size 1012 KB)| abstract ESCONDER We performed morphometric characterization of pigs Pampa Rocha of Uruguay experimental station belonging to the Southern Regional Center College of Agriculture (56 º 36 º 13'W34'S). For measurements using zoométrico stick, compass Broca inextensible tape and electronic scale to record weight. 18 morphometric variables were measured and calculated morphometric indices 8 in a population of 20 females and 3 males breeding pigs Pampa Rocha Southern Regional Center of players belonging to Faculty of Agronomy, University of the Republic (UdelaR). Morphometric characterization in Pampa Rocha pigs with evidence of sexual dimorphism, with females mesolíneas. Body and pelvic indices were superior to American creole pigs (Venezuelan, Cuban) indicating that pigs have a higher skeletal proportion . As for the CV for live weight was higher in females (25.36%) and low in males (8.88%) these results could be due to a variable degree of involvement with environmental, on the other hand the population females are of different ages and in different physiological states. The high variability found we would say in preliminary form as an important reservoir of genetic diversity to keep swine.

ESTUDIO PARA LA CARACTERIZACION DE LA OVEJA CRIOLLA EN LA REGION SEMIARIDA DE FORMOSA, ARGENTINA
De la Rosa S.A., Revidatti M.A., Tejerina E.R., Orga A., Cappello J.S., Petrina J.F., pag 87-94 

 full pdf (download 805, size 1171 KB)| abstractESCONDER This work tends to the identification and characterization of Creole sheep in western Formosa, Argentina for standardization and definition of Criolla Formoseña breed, as well as determines their conservation status. Flocks were evaluated from farms of producers located in three regions of the Central West Region of Formosa. The study included 4.658 sheep to evaluate effective population size (Ne), consanguinity (AF) and the generation interval (IG). We conducted a random sampling of 225 adult animals of both sexes (155 females and 70 males) for phenotypic characterization, through the observation of ten qualitative characters, fourteen quantitative characteristics and nine zoometric indexes. The first one were analyzed by setting frequency tables and the X2 test of independence, and for all others descriptive statistics were calculated and compared adjusted mean in male and female using ANOVA and Duncan test. For all inferences stipulated α=5%. Pearson correlations were established between all zoometric traits measures. The Ne was 2448, AF was 0.0002 and IG resulted 2.07. All sampled animals presented wool and 39% also showed hair. The fit of fleece was: 22% high, 58% medium and 20% low, mostly spotted mucosal (40%), 58% of lateral ears and only 5% of horns in males being 64% black hooves. The means obtained were: head length 25 cm, 16,6 cm face length, head width 11,8 cm, height at withers 66,8 cm, hip height were 67,2 cm, body length 69, 1 cm, chest height 36,5 cm , chest width 67,6 cm, 19,9 cm wide rump, rump length 20,2 cm, 85,4 cm thoracic perimeter, cane perimeter 8,2 cm, chest width 20,9 cm and 42 kg live weight. The coefficients of variation did not exceed 15% except for body weight (22,5%) and chest width (16,5). The ANOVA showed significant differences in favor of males in the 14 measures. Most correlations were positive and significant. While all parameter based on colors were quite variable, we can conclude that there is a considerable degree of uniformity for the traits evaluated, which is interesting since there is little or no influence of exotic breeds in the area and applied to the selection these sheep is scarce since its inception. Zoometric indexes were examined through descriptive analysis and ANOVA for comparison of adjusted means between sexes, being all significantly different, with CV between 7.04% (Corporal Index) to 19.91% (compactness index).

ESTUDO PRELIMINAR SOBRE O DIMORFISMO SEXUAL DO PATO CINZA DO CATOLÉ (Cairina moschata)
Gois F.D., Almeida E.C.J., Farias Filho R.V., Silva Filha O.L.., pag 95-98.  

 full pdf (download 817, size 1074 KB)| abstractESCONDER The domestic duck (Cairina moschata) has its origin in the Americas where they were domesticated by the indigenous people and brought to Europe by the settlers have spread their culture through the crossings. In Brazil this species is not very popular, but has considerable productive potential. Their production on an industrial scale is incipient and most are used as an alternative to small farms. There are many variations between populations in the same species in different countries, however, little information about these animals. In the southwest region of Bahia verified the presence of these birds with a variation in the coloration of their feathers, with a gray tint, popularly known as the gray duck Catolé. Thus the objective of this study was to identify the presence of sexual dimorphism in a population of gray duck Catolé using morphometric measurements and body weight. We measured body measurements of head width (HW), head length (HL), beak width (BW), beak length (BL), wingspan (Env), thoracic perimeter (TP), depth (Pro), body length (BL) and body weight (BW) of 55 animals between males and females. It found little variation in the distribution of body weight which points to a standardization of the variable in the population studied. And that this species presents the male body weight and body measurements higher than the females showing dimorphism present in the domestic duck.

INCUBABILIDADE E COLORAÇÃO DA CASCA DOS OVOS DE REPRODUTORAS PELOCO (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Almeida E.C.J., Carneiro P.L.S., Farias Filho R.V., Rocha L.C., Oliveira V.S. ,
Malhado C.H.M.,Silva Filha O.L., pag 99-102.

 full pdf (download 904, size 994 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The objective of this study was to evaluate the viability of eggs for the hatching and variation eggshell coloring of females breeding Peloco at alternative system. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Experimental Poultry State University of Southwest Bahia from December 2011 to March 2013. Eggs were collected from 48 females and valued the number of cracked eggs, number of defective eggs, number total of eggs reserved for the hatching and the distribution of eggshell color. The results showed that 2.66% of the eggs collected were cracks, 16.55% were defects and 80.67% of eggs for hatching were viable. It was found that 74% of the females breeding Peloco has brown eggs its variations tonality, 26% were white (12%), intensive red (8%) and blue-greenish (6%). The chickens Peloco presented eggs with viable conditions of hatching. There is this bird population variation in the distribution of eggshell coloring with higher frequency of brown eggs and variation of tonality.

CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL CERDO CRIOLLO DE LA REGIÓN CHO’RTI’ DEL
DEPARTAMENTO DE CHIQUIMULA, GUATEMALA
Lorenzo M., Jáuregui J., Vásquez Ch., pag 103-108.

 full pdf (download 890, size 1390 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In rural area of Guatemala is evident presence of creole pigs in the east and especially in the region Ch’orti’ child-reaning is still a practice of obtaining animal protein as part of human nutrition or economic resources. However, in the country there is no information about the main characteristics of the creole pigs. This research aimed to generate information on the main features zoometric, morphological and appendixes, the creole pig (n=68), we analyzed 12 quantitative variables, 7 index zoometric and 10 qualitative variables. It was concluded that the morphometric variables are homogeneous as zoometric rates, are of a size small to medium body, long head, narrow (dolichocefhalic), short body and thin (mediolinear with tendency to longilinear). No sexual dimorphism that distinguishes tee male female, are characterized by nasofrontal straight line, with Asian and Iberian ear, high percentage of black layer, followed byerd and black spotted, as well as red, low abundant hair, hooves pigmented and white, pigmented mucous, Its high pelvic index indicates that the animals are low reproductive capacity due to the narrowness of the pelvis. Furthemore, according to the results of quantitative and qualitative variables that the creole pig Ch’orti’ Region of Chiquimula, Guatemala, has origins in the Iberian Trunk.

USO DE CARACTERES MORFOMETRICOS EN LA CLASIFICACIÓN DE GALLINAS LOCALES
Lázaro G.C., Hernández Z.J.S., Vargas L.S., Martínez L.A., Pérez A.R., pag 109-114.

 full pdf (download 1360, size 1061 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Phenotypic characterization of animals they have designed and/or adapted classical general methodologies, such as those proposed in the 40s up to other more recent years. The FAO guidelines are also taken into account in their descriptors of poultry species. In this regard, measures morphometric and phaneroptic features are logged. The present study aims to classify local hens taking into consideration the morphometric characters. The work was carried out in the community of La Trinidad Tianguismanalco, municipality of Tecali de Herrera, in the State of Puebla. Technical data for quantitative data (zoometrics) and qualitative (phaneroptic) that identify the phenotypic diversity of backyard birds was designed for this purpose. Through analysis cluster highlights the largest grouping is of Creole chicken (48,0 %), followed by the classification of hens of lines and their crosses (30,3 %), and finally, the hens fighting (21,7 %). Whereas the color of the plumage (in 91 roosters and hens 254), dominated by the colors red, black, grey and yellow. Whereas the weight, hens and roosters crosses between Creoles and commercial lines products are those who have the weight and highest body variables, in comparison to other groups. Native birds have weight and intermediate body proportions. The roosters and hens of combat are the smaller in weight and its conformation. In relation to body dimensions, males are significantly larger than females; on average the females are 15% smaller than males and in some cases, as in height and the length of Crest, the difference is around 50%

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DOS REBANHOS DE SUÍNOS EM SISTEMA FAXINAL
Fuentes-Mascorro G., Carmona M.M.A.2, Pérez V.E.,Chirinos Z, pag 115-117.

 full pdf (download 884, size 1031 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Interviews were conducted with farmers in two faxinais systems, located in Paraná State - Brazil, aiming to characterize the herds of swine. Were applied semistructured questionnaires for collection of information and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. It was found that the average size of the pig herds of the “Faxinal Marcondes and Faxinal Kurger” were 18.17 and 6.12 heads, respectively. It was observed that most of the herds were composed of crossbred animals without defined race, probably remnants of naturalized breeds of swine.

CATEGORIZACION MORFOMÉTRICA DE LAS OREJAS DE BOVINOS PAMPA CHAQUEÑO DE PARAGUAY
Zayas A., Núñez L., Castro L., Ramírez L., Duré R.D., León D.; Oka Obara A. , Pereira W.E., Martínez O.R pag 119-122.

 full pdf (download 814, size 1076 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Phenotypic characterization studies are one of the "base" for scientific and technical knowledge of new animal genetic groups. Generating these studies from the assessment and analysis of Creole cattle herds, particularly the one known as Pampa Chaqueño, is of utmost importance, as these resources are a true genetic patrimony of Paraguay. This study aimed to qualitative morphological analysis of Pampa Chaqueño cattle metric male and female, by assessing the size of ears. It is necessary to point out the subjectivity in the definitions of what would be the small, medium or large, in males and females Pampa Chaqueño, so from this work, we seek to characterize what would be an small, medium and large ear, based on a ranking metric. For the same, 169 animals were evaluated, being 89 females and 80 males, randomly chosen. Their measurements were established by a 30 cm ruler in length, taken from the base of the ear to the hairless fleshy tip. You can see that morphologically medium size ear is higher percentage for both sexes, i.e., 58.4% and 63.8% respectively for females and males. It was determined that an medium size ear (medium sized ear) is in the range of 18 to 20 cm, both for males and females. Regarding the small ear, was identified in both sexes as the most frequent. The recognition and categorization data have great significance because of racial characters express this genetic group, recalling the origin of cattle bull Pampa Chaqueño of Paraguay, this approach may become a variable selection and discard. Accordingly, and for its better application, states that the size of the ears, originally measured in centimeters, ears can be categorized into "Small", those that are between 15 and 17 cm, "Medium", between 18 and 20 cm and "Big" which are greater than 20 cm. In further studies, morphological variable "size ears" should be evaluated as a metric and can be set as selection criteria in cattle Pampa racial Chaco of Paraguay.

PROPUESTA PRELIMINAR DE METODOLOGÍA PARA LA EVALUACIÓN DEL LENGUAJE CORPORAL EN SU APTITUD PARA EL ENTRENAMIENTO EN LA RAZA ASNAL ANDALUZA
Navas F.J., Miró-Arias M., Delgado J.V., pag 122-128.

 full pdf (download 731, size 1254 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The study of functionality in the autochthonous breeds, as it happens in the case of the Andalusian Donkey Breed, achieves an even greater importance, after the mechanisation and industrialisation of the regions where this breed developed its productive role in the past, a situation which has established sustainable functionality as one of the key aims to consider in terms of conservation plans. Body language can turn out to be an enormously useful tool when we decide to put into practice functional training plans for the animals, so that making imminently necessary the development of a protocol which afforded the opportunity to assess it, as proceeded in the present proposal for methodology. The signs that animals are going to use to communicate become an element able to provide high valuable information. After an exhaustive bibliographic review we are able to set that intending to start their study, we are going to pay attention to basically two regions; ears and, hind legs and tail. This specifically designed protocol, expose the animal to four external stimuli; assessing the reaction the animal presents, evaluating the position of its ears, as well as any other complementary existing body language sign. The methodology set forth herein represents a preliminary advance which involves the basis for future studies and will be complemented with the realization of additional statistical tests in following stages aimed at understanding the genetic background behind behaviour.

GENEALOGÍA DEL NÚCLEO DE CONSERVACIÓN DE BOVINOS CRIOLLOS ARGENTINOS DE ORIGEN PATAGÓNICO
Martínez R.D., Fernández E.N., Rumiano F.J.L., Paramidani E. pag. 131-135

 full pdf (download 692, size 1113 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The School of Agriculture Sciences of UNLZ developed a conservation program of Argentine Patagonian Creole cattle (CP). To this end maintains a genetic core that began in 1996 with 22 animals. The genealogical records of this core (up to births in 2011), consists of 528 animals, 239 males and 289 females. The following variables were calculated in this population: Number of males who have left offspring identified (Nm), Number of females that have left offspring identified (Nh). Number of male founders (Nmf), Number of founding females (Nhf), Number of offspring per parent (HP), number of offspring per mother (Hm), the inbreeding coefficient (F), the coefficient of Media Relations (AR) and the generation interval (IG). The program ENDOG v4.0 has been used to analyze. Nm was 21 and Nh = 132, Nmf = 9; Nhf = 72, the average was 15.52 Hp and Hm average 5.52. The genealogy information known is constituted by a 25.19% of paternal grandparents, paternal grandmothers 32.20%, 30.49% of maternal grandparents, maternal grandmothers 41.86%, 61.93% of fathers and 83, 33% of mothers. Of the total 16 were male inbred (6.69%) and from the females only 14 (4.84%), F being the population mean of 0.0061 and 0.0346 mean AR. The IG average was of 5.62 years (± 0.236). Although the number of founding individuals was small, no losses of genetic diversity due to increased inbreeding was found nowadays, although it was observed the possibility to incorporate new founders from the National Park Los Glaciares.

GESTIÓN DE RECURSOS GENÉTICOS EN UN REBAÑO BOVINO TIPO DE DOBLE PROPÓSITO DE LA REGION DE PERIJÁ, VENEZUELA
Pariacote F.A., Chirinos Z., Zambrano R., pag 137-141.

 full pdf (download 846, size 1038 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The breed structure were estimated in a bovine typical dual purpose herd, located in an area of Tropical Dry Forest, with a rain fall and temperature yearly average of 1100 mm and 28 °C respectively. The sample was built by all females born since 1990 until 2007 with at least one calving in the herd, n=1421. The fraction of alleles of a breed was estimated from the paternal and maternal fraction of that breed; and the loci fraction with a particular combination of alleles or genotype (gij) from the allelic frequency in the parents; where i=1,2..n, and j=1,2…m, stand for the paternal and maternal fraction of alleles of the corresponding breed respectively. Each expected genotype in the descendant, g11,…gnm, takes the values of the fraction of loci with that particular combination of alleles. Twelve genotypes were identified. Out of the 78 expected genotypes, only 15 had frequencies greater than 0.01. The most abundant genes come from Brahman, Holstein, and Brown Swiss breeds, the highest proportion of which being located in heterozygous. The heterozygosity coefficient averaged 0.67, and the highest fractions of heterozygous loci were Holstein x Brahman with 0.24 and Brahman x Brown Swiss with 0.13. The Holstein alleles were the most constant in the lapse and the decreasing proportion of the Brown Swiss genes is compensated by the increasing of the Brahman´s. Results are indicative that crossbreeding has been, during the evaluated lapse, the use given to the genetic resource available in the herd.

ESTRATEGIAS DE MANEJO DEL RECURSO GENETICO CAPRINO EN PUEBLA, MÉXICO
Hernández Z.J.S., Pérez A.R., Ramírez H.R., Rivera A.G., Reséndiz M.R., pag 143-146. 

 full pdf (download 669, size 1000 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In order to describe and to propose strategies to maximize the use of goats in Puebla, Mexico, a static diagnosis was carried out to determine the problem in the production of this domestic species. This surveyed 128 goat producers in the State of Puebla, with a questionnaire whose reagents were heading to obtain information on general and specific aspects of the goats. Results are noticeable that predominate the goats Creoles and that the problems more incident includes food shortages, diseases, and marketing channels unsuitable to the absence of the disorganization and lack of technical assistance financing. Strategies to address these conditions are: promote agricultural projects integrals; increase the availability of forage per unit area on land for grazing, in a sustainable way; take advantage of the food resources throughout the year; promotion of associations of goat farmers; support the capitalization of the producers; creation of centers of reproduction, genetic improvement and selection; momentum of economic projects that give added value to primary production; rehabilitation of land for grazing, and strengthening of product matter chains.

ANÁLISIS DEMOGRÁFICO DEL CABALLO DE LAS RETUERTAS COMO BASE PARA EL DESARROLLO DE SU PROGRAMA DE CONSERVACIÓN
Miró-Arias M., León J.M., Vallecillo A., Barba C., Nogales S., Vega-Pla J. L.., pag 147-150 

 full pdf (download 744, size 1123 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Retuertas Horse is a non-domesticated population, located in the Doñana National Park, Huelva, Spain. The University of Cordoba, in collaboration with the CSIC (Scientific Research High Center) The Biologic Station In Doñana and the Horse Breeding Laboratory, is the responsible for developing the conservation program of this breed. The aim of this study was to know the Retuertas horse population dynamic. Therefore, here the first analysis of the population structure is shown, by means of analysing the information kept in the genealogies of 127 animals. First, a study of the active population census was carried out. Likewise, the effective population size and the age pyramid were calculated as a previous step to the generational interval calculation. Between the most important results, the increase of the inbreeding rate by generation (0,41%) and by year (0,1%) is highlighted, in addition to the sex ratio (1/1,54) and the level of replacement observed (0,31).

RECUPERACIÓN DE LA OVEJA LINCA EN LA PATAGONIA ARGENTINA
Lanari M.R., Reising C., Monzón M., Subiabre M., Killmeate R., Basualdo A., Cumilaf A.M., Zubizarreta J.L., pag 151-154. 

 full pdf (download 703, size 1021 KB)| abstract ESCONDER According to previous studies, Pampa or Linca sheep populations in Argentina's Patagonia are at risk, showing significant genetic erosion with consequent loss of traditional knowledge. This breed produces wool for handicrafts that is preferred by artisans. Driving factors of this process are: the primary orientation wool production for industry and poor understanding of the rural culture. To react to this "lack of wool", producer and artisans organizations join with R & D institutions support actions such as establishing Wool-Banks, organization of rams auctions and fleeces fairs. The appreciation of wool for crafts has favored the revaluation of these animals, showing an emerging interest in the marketing of Linca sheep and rams. To rescue this population, was proposed the organization of dispersed Nucleus for breeding and conservation. The Nucleus is formed with males and females of several sources establishing two flocks. Out of the mating season rams are kept in other farm. Selection process is built together with the artisans, interested in recovering these animals. They receive rams in exchange for lambs, which go into the nucleus to increase its effective number. The scheme is fulfilled by a cryogenic bank as backup. The database allows tracking the movement of animals used. The two flocks facilitate the diffusion of practices related to shearing, husbandry and use of Linca wool, contributing to the valuation of local genetic resources as part of rural culture

DISEÑO DE UN PROGRAMA DE CONSERVACIÓN DE UN HATO DE CRIOLLO YACUMEÑO ASISTIDO POR MARCADORES GENÉTICOS EN SANTA CRUZ – BOLIVIA
Pereira J.A.C., Carino M.H., Hoyos R., Rogberg-Muñoz A., Loza A., Lirón J.P., Mamani T., Ripoli M.V., Giovambattista G. pag 155-159. 

 full pdf (download 750, size 1063 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The Faculty of Veterinary Science of the UAGRM consolidated a conservation program of the Yacumeño Creole cattle. The conservation of zoogenetic resources is performed generally in small populations, which usually has a reduced effective population size. In those cases it is important to keep high genetic variability and low levels of consanguinity by performing specific mating among the animals. The main objective of this research consisted in determine the paternity and male lines by using molecular markers. The DNA was extracted from blood sample of 149 animals and were genotyped all the individuals using 18 microsatellites and 7 markers of the Y chromosome. The results obtained allowed to identify two groups of cows and 3 male lines. This information will be useful to design a reproductive program that avoids to a certain degree the lost of genetic variability and will keep acceptable levels of consanguinity among the herd.

DIAGNÓSTICO PARTICIPATIVO DE HEMOTRÓPICOS EN BOVINOS A NIVEL DE PEQUEÑOS PRODUCTORES Y PRODUCTORAS DE GANADERÍA DOBLE PROPÓSITO EN EL SUR DEL ESTADO ARAGUA EN LA REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
Florio-Luis J., Tamasaukas R., Rivera S., pag 163-170.

 full pdf (download 1239, size 1092 KB)| abstract ESCONDER It was sampled with the participation of small producers 45 bovines Bos taurus x Bos indicus (40% of animals of each herd), from 03 farms in southern Aragua. It was applied in collective socio-epidemiological survey and clinical records. Blood samples collected in vacutainer tubes with (sodium citrate and EDTA) and without anticoagulant, were processed by direct techniques Idexx QBC® to hematological evaluation and smear buffy coat colored 10% Giemsa (FCB), obtaining serum and plasma for indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) and Ac-ELISA with a crude antigen extract purified soluble specie-specifics T. vivax. Results: Evidence of injury produce by Tabanus spp. Hematologic averages values were 40.02% Hto (hematocrit) and 13.89% Hgb (hemoglobin). Between 50 and 63.1% of the animals showed statistically significant lower values than average (p <0.05). Parasitemia: T.vivax 2%, A. marginale 12% B. bigemina 1.3% and B. bovis 1.2%. Prevalence: T. vivax 37.7%, 66.6% A.marginale, B. bigemina 22.2% and B. bovis 13.3% by FCB. Seroprevalence: IFI 88.8% and 95.5% Ac-ELISA. Concluding that tetralogy hemoparasitary (T.vivax, A. marginale, B. bigemina and B. bovis) is present at the herds. The hematological values obtained show anemia, attributed to the blood parasites and nutritional deficiencies. The breadth of the range in Hto and Hgb values in each herd is due to the variability of breed, physical condition, body condition and weight. It was provided training to farmers in the prevention and curative health management of hemotropics.

CARACTERIZACION DE LOS SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCION CAPRINOS PRESENTES EN EL MUNICIPIO DE JORDAN, SANTANDER, COLOMBIA
Guerrero L.M., Tellez J.N., Vera M., Garza B.A., Rincón J.L., Martínez B.D., Serrano N.C., Vargas-Bayona, J.E., pag 171-174.

 full pdf (download 1111, size 989 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The objective of this study was to characterize the goat production systems placed in municipality of Jordan - Santander, Colombia, in order to identify the characteristics for the goat production system in the region. The research approaching is transversal and qualitative. As data collection instrument was used a survey to each producer in the region, totaling 3 producers, this tool consisted of 10 parameters for evaluators: general characteristics, population, nutrition and feeding, health, breeding, production, genetics, administration, economics and marketing. The production system is purely for meat production and extensive character. In goat production systems surveyed was noted that no records are kept of marketing, breeding or production. With the introduction of dairy breeds and of European origin, without any criteria, threatening Santandereana breed disappearance this one has a great adaptability to natural conditions of the canyon.

EFECTO DE LA EDAD EN LA SUPERVIVENCIA Y FERTILIDAD DE REINAS DE Apis mellifera iberiensis INTRODUCIDAS EN NÚCLEOS DE FECUNDACIÓN
Padilla F., Flores J.M. , Campano F. , pag 175-179. 

 full pdf (download 486, size 1074 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The artificial honeybee queens breeding using the Doolittle method is a widely accepted practice in beekeeping. Although the procedure is completely standardized, the introduction of a queen cell or an animal born into a colony has the problem of the acceptance. Queens obtained by Doolittle method can be introduced directly into hives with large population, but it is usual appeal to the use of a fertilization nucleus, because the survival rates and queen acceptance are higher than those obtained using standard hives. Routinely the new queens are introduced into the nucleus two days after birth. With between 2 and 14 days the queens perform the nuptial flights in which the female mate with between 8 and 29 drones. Between 4 and 5 days after making such flights the queen start laying eggs. It is widely accepted the idea that fertilized queens 10 days old or more have lost in their fertility. In this work we studied the survival and fertility of sisters queens introduced into fertilization nucleus with 1, 8, 15, 22, 29 and 43 days old. The results show a high acceptance and maintenance of fertility until 29 days old

EFECTO DE LA TEMPERATURA AMBIENTAL EN LA CALIDAD SEMINAL DE TOROS PAMPA CHAQUEÑO CRIADOS BAJO CONDICIONES DE CAMPO EN LA REGIÓN OCCIDENTAL, CHACO PARAGUAYO, EN LAS DIFERENTES ESTACIONES DEL AÑO
Oka Y.A., Oka H.A., Prieto C.¸ Branda L.N. , pag 181-184. 

 full pdf (download 735, size 987 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The ambient temperatures in the different seasons affect the sperm quality of breeding in general. This research aimed to evaluate the seminal quality of bulls Pampa Chaco in relation to temperature variations in different seasons of the year, taking place in the Department of Presidente Hayes, Western Region, Paraguayan Chaco, from During August 2007 to April 2008. The animals used were selected (n = 20) completely at random from an elite group of 60 adult bulls with an average weight of 700 kg, reared under the same management and nutritional conditions. The selected bulls underwent andrological examination: inspection and palpation of external reproductive organs and palpation of internal organs (clinical examination) and laboratory examination (semen quality) continuously made and individual, two every weather station. The laboratory test allowed the evaluation of individual motility (IM), criteria used to determine semen quality; the samples were obtained using two collections. These data were subjected to statistical Infostat program, student version, using the ANOVA. In the first collect we found the following values: 70,5%, 67,8%, 66,9% and 68,9%, corresponding to winter (6 C), spring (32.5 C), summer (42.5 C) and autumn (22.5) respectively; while in the second collect of values found was: 71,5%, 69,8%, 69,1% and 70,4% in the respective stations. which showed no statistical significance between semen quality of both collections and temperature variations which were the same, which means that the semen quality is not influenced by the temperatures prevailing at the time of the study, thus demonstrating that the breed is adapted to Chaco Pampa climate in which lives, indicating the resilience and adaptation to climate special Chaco.

EVALUACIÓN FENOTÍPICA Y SEMINAL CON FINES DE CONSERVACIÓN DEL BOVINO “ENCERADO” PRESENTE EN LA REGIÓN ALTO ANDINA DEL ECUADOR
Aguirre L., Uchuari M., Briceño P. , pag 185-189. 

 full pdf (download 672, size 1067 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Were identified twelve adult males Encerados, to which were characterized phenotypically, with a mean age of 35.2 ± 15.5 months, the weight of these was 354 ± 97 kg, height of 115 ± 5.5 cm, length of body from neck to tail base of 187 ± 15 cm, thoracic diameter 163 ± 13.5 cm, thorax width of 39 ± 4 cm, thorax length 69 ± 7 cm, thoracic depths 66 ± 6 cm, abdominal depth 67 ± 5 cm, rump length 46 ± 2 cm, anterior rump width 40 ± 4 cm, posterior rump width 14 ± 2 cm, anterior cane diameter 17 ± 1 cm, scrotal circumference 33 ± 3 cm . From this population were selected the four bulls that exceeded the population mean and they proceeded to perform in situ, three collections of semen with an artificial vagina at 15 days, then the fresh seminal analysis of all collections are obtained the following information: total volume of the ejaculate of 14 ± 2.7 cc, obtained in a range of 2 to 3 jumps, being the time interval from reflection Flehmen and the first jump of 2', for the second jump of 5' and the third jump of 8', concentration 745 ± 180x106 sperm/cc, percentage of abnormal 12.4 ± 2%, mass motility on a scale of 1-5, the average was 3.4 ± 0.8, mobility individual 82.7 ± 7.1%, as additional evidence of cryoresistance was evaluated after thawing individual motility, with an average value of 43 ± 7%. These results demonstrate seminal characteristics superior to other breeds, allowing cryopreservation for use in future programs of artificial reproduction, because it is a population that is in danger of extinction

POLIMORFISMO GENÉTICO DE LA BETA-LACTOGLOBULINA EN OVEJAS
TROPICALES EN VENEZUELA Y SU EFECTO SOBRE LA PRODUCCIÓN LÁCTEA
Aranguren-Méndez J.A., Portillo M.G., Yáñez L.F., Rincón X., Villasmil-Ontiveros Y., pag 193-196. 

 full pdf (download 697, size 1089 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Tropical sheep breeds are characterized by being haired breeds, mainly used for meat production. The growth of lambs during the pre-weanning first phase depends almost exclusively on mother's milk production, hence the attention given to milk proteins and their genotype. Beta-lactoglobulin plays a preponderant role within these proteins as it is the most abundant milk protein in ruminants, and it is known that in sheep it is found in chromosome 3 and has polymorphic variants. For this study, an experiment was carried out with 20 tropical West African sheep to determine the genotype of the BLG and its effect on milk production. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP technique and the milk production estimate by lambs’s double weighing. The results showed BLG allele frequencies of 0.80 for the homozygous AA, 0.20 for the heterozygote AB and absence (0.00) for BB homozygotes, no showed effect on milk production during breastfeeding. It is noteworthy that despite the small number of individuals analyzed, a predominance of genotype AA, which has been associated with a greater amount of casein in milk and therefore cheese yield is shown. These findings are useful for establishing patterns of marker-assisted selection, and thus giving these species a greater scientific interest in production systems.

DETECÇÃO DE POLIMORFISMOS NO EXON14 DO GENE CAPN1 EM RAÇAS BOVINAS EUROPÉIAS, ZEBUÍNAS E SEUS MESTIÇOS
Lara M.A.C., Gutmanis G., Pinatti E., Faria M.H., Cavalcante-Neto, A., Resende F.D.., pag 197-202 

 full pdf (download 644, size 1106 KB)| ABSTRACT ESCONDER The present study aimed to develop a simple protocol for the identification of variability in exon14 of calpain (CAPN1) in 727 DNA samples of european and zebu cattle breeds and their crossbreed (Bos taurus taurus x Bos taurus indicus), in order to detect new markers for meat tenderness. Sequencing analysis of part of samples genotyped by PCR-RFLP and PCR-SSCP techniques confirm the relationship of the genotypes AA, GA and GG with the SNP530 (G4558A) and reveal other polymorphism (C4554T), justifying the six electrophoretic migration patterns observed by SSCP technique. These results indicate that the PCR-RFLP technique was sensitive to detect the SNP530, although the SSCP analysis has been more efficient and lower cost, allowing to identify the two SNP simultaneously. The allele G, considered favorable for meat tenderness in European breeds, was the most frequent in all breeds investigated, except in the Simmental. The C4554T polymorphism was not observed in Europeans breeds, except in Aberdeen Angus, although the T allele has been detected in very low frequency (0.0164). In native breed Caracu, this allele was also not frequent (0.0268), being detected only three heterozygotes CT. The genotype TT was detected only in the Zebu breeds (Guzerá and Nelore) and their crossbreed, whose allele frequencies of T were 0.1300, 0.1127 and 0.1149, respectively. The results obtained suggest that the allele T is marker of Zebu, whose genotypes are being investigated in conjunction with shear force data to find possible relationship with meat tenderness zebu.

VARIABILIDAD GENÉTICA EN EL CERDO PAMPA ROCHA DE URUGUAY
Montenegro M., Llambí S., Castro G.,Barlocco N., Vadell A., Landi V., Delgado J.V., Martínez A.., pag 203-205.

 full pdf (download 790, size 932 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The DNA molecular markers are tools to study genetic variability. The microsatellites are the most used markers for this objective. In this paper we report the results obtained in the analysis of a panel of 25 microsatellites in 39 Pampa Rocha pigs. All loci were polymorphic, with a mean number of alleles of 5.72±2.46, average expected heterozigosity of 0.603±0.199 and observed heterozigosity of 0.583±0.208. The value of Multilocus FIS was of 0.0475 and the 88% of the markers are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium..

DIVERSIDAD Y RELACIONES GENÉTICAS ENTRE POBLACIONES ASNALES IBEROAMERICANAS
Jordana J., Ferrando A. , Casas M., Loarca A., Martínez López O.R., Canelón J.L., Stemmer A., Aguirre L., Lara M.A.C., Álvarez L.A., Llambí S., Gómez N., Gama L.T., Martínez R.D., Pérez E., Guastella A.M., Marletta D., Landi V., Martínez A., Delgado, J.V., pag 207-213.  

 full pdf (download 733, size 1066 KB)| abstract ESCONDER This study shows the results of the genetic characterization of 21 donkey populations of 14 countries from Europe (3) and Central and South America (11) associated to the CONBIAND network, in the framework of a collaborative project promoted by the network itself. Since sampled donkeys were not structured among breeds, donkeys from each American country were defined as discrete populations. These populations were analyzed with 14 microsatellite markers, and then compared with European breeds from Spain (6), Italy (3) and Portugal (1), in order to explore genetic relationships among them, and investigate the origins of current American populations. Results show that most of American populations do not group together with European ones, but tend to cluster separately instead. Concerning only the American meta–population, two major genetic groups are detected: the first one encompasses Caribbean countries, and second one includes countries from the Andes area and from the South. These results suggest that geographical isolation and a quite inexistent gene flow between continents together with a marked genetic drift would have contributed to the current genetic differentiation among populations, shaping distinct groups clearly differentiated among each other

CARACTERIZAÇÃO GENÉTICA DE RAÇAS NATIVAS E COMERCIAIS DE OVINOS COM BASE EM SNPs NO GENE LEPTINA
Lara M.A.C., Gutmanis G., Soares W.V.B., Rocha L.A., Cunha E.A., Cavalcante-Neto A., Silva R.C.B., Ribeiro M.N., Herling V.R.., pag 215-219.

 full pdf (download 975, size 1002 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The leptin gene has been investigated in several animal species due to their relationship with quantitative characteristics of economic interest, such as: fat deposition in carcass, sexual precocity, percentage of fat in milk, milk production, among others. Due to its importance, polymorphisms in exons 2 and 3 of leptin gene were investigated in 415 sheep from native breeds (Barriga Negra, Cara Curta, Cariri, Morada Nova, Santa Inês), commercial breeds (Dorper, Ile France, Poll Dorset, Suffolk, Texel) and a crossbred (Dorper x Santa Inês). For the study of exons 2 and 3 were adopted, respectively, the techniques of PCR-RFLP and PCRSSCP. Only the SNP305 of exon 2 was observed in populations of native breeds (except Barriga Negra), commercial (Dorper) and crossbred (Dorper x Santa Inês). The allele C was the most common, whose frequencies ranged from 0.9783 (Santa Inês) to 0.8649 (Dorper). The PCR-SSCP analysis of exon 3 (Lep3) revealed four genotypes. In all populations investigated, except Morada Nova, the genotype AA was the most frequent and the genotype AB, the least frequent. The genotype AC occurred in all native breeds, whose frequencies ranged from 0.4348 (Morada Nova) to 0.075 (Cariri). In commercial breeds, this genotype was detected only in Dorper (0.3784). The genotype CC occurred in Morada Nova and Dorper breeds and crossbred, whose frequencies were 0.4783, 0.0273 and 0.0182, respectively. Considering that leptin is involved in several metabolic processes, the genotypic differences in the composition should be investigated more extensively in an attempt to get a marker for sheep production.

POLIMORFISMO DE BASE ÚNICA NO GENE DA TIREOGLOBULINA RELACIONADO AO MARMOREIO CÁRNEO EM BOVINOS DA RAÇA PANTANEIRA
Barreto C.F., Walker C.C., Juliano R.S., Ramos A. F., Barbosa E.A., Alves F.V. , Santos S., Albuquerque M.S.M., Egito A.A., pag 221-225.

 full pdf (download 687, size 1101 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Pantaneiro taurine cattle adapted to the Pantanal region, is resistant to ecto and endoparasites and to climatic variations and characteristics of this biome. For a long time, this population was the economic basis of the Pantanal. However over time, this local type was gradually replaced by zebu breeds, causing an intense process of genetic dilution that currently results in near extinction. Due to cultural and historical importance of the Pantaneira breed, this work aimed at genotyping animals for polymorphism in the 5’ region of the candidate gene TG5, previously related to the quality of meat. Sixty nine animals from the Center for Conservation in Fazenda Embrapa Nhumirim in Corumbá-MS were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. The allele frequencies observed were 57.2% for the T allele and 42.8% for allele C. An 8.98% of animals presented the genotype considered favorable (TT). The observed heterozygosity was 0.565 and the genetic diversity for polymorphism analysis was 0.493. The frequence of the T allele greater than 57% suggests the potential that this naturalized breeds to give high quality and value added products

DIVERSIDAD GENETICA EN OVEJAS DE LOS HUMEDADES DE LA REGION ORIENTAL DEL PARAGUAY
Ochipinti G., Núñez L., Cazal C., Samudio A., Castro L., Ramírez L., León D., Martínez A., Oka Obara A., Landi V., Delgado J.V., Martínez O.R, pag 227-230. 

 full pdf (download 771, size 1001 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Few genetic studies have been conducted in sheep populations in Paraguay. This work aimed to identify some indices of genetic diversity within populations of sheep, bred in the wetlands of Ñeembucu, Paraguay. A total of 64 animals were selected from 31 farms, four departments. Hair samples were collected from each animal selected. Up to 28 samples were obtained from Creole type sheep animal according to phenotype: medium head, long nose, thin bones, little wool, mediating transport structure to high. Furthermore, Hampshire (5), Texel (7), Corriedale (n3 4), Santa Ines (n4 5), Dorper (n5 6) and admixed sheep (Population A; 10) samples were used as reference sheep populations due to the fact that they are the most widely used sheep in the area of study. The samples were sent to the laboratory of molecular genetics at the University of Cordoba, Spain, and was supported CONBIAND Network. We used a panel of 20 microsatellite markers. The population with the highest number of alleles was the Creole-type population with 7.25, followed by the Population A (native) with 5.30, 4.80 Hampshire race, Texel and Santa ines with a 4.30 each, Dorper with 4.20, and Corriedale with 3.40. The observed heterozygosity for the population Santa Ines was 0.768, 0.753 Hampshire, Creole-type 0.739, 0.726 Texel, Dorper 0.722, Corriedale 0.702 and finally Population A in 0701. Polymorphic Information Content for the Creole-Type population 0.681, Hampshire 0.641, Santa Ines 0.632, Population A 0.617, Texel 0.614, Dorper 0.592, and Corriedale 0.537. According to these parameters of diversity, the population at greatest genetic variability is Creole-type.

TIPIFICACIÓN DE LAS FRECUENCIAS DE LOS GENES CALPAINA, CALPASTATINA Y LEPTINA EN BOVINOS CRIOLLOS COLOMBIANOS
Cuetia J., Posso A.M., Muñoz, J.E., Ariza M.F., Álvarez L.A., pag 231-234. 

 full pdf (download 846, size 993 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The Calpain (CAPN1), Calpastatin (CAST) and Leptin (LEP) genes are considered of substantial importance for the production, composition and/or sanitary quality of the meat. In order to assess the allele and genotype frequencies of genes, seven SNPs were evaluated in 300 DNA samples from eight Colombian Creole Cattle breeds, two synthetic breeds and 55 individuals from four commercial breeds. The allele frequencies of genes reported as associated with meat tenderness like Calpain gene were: 21% for the C allele of CAPN1316, 64% for the allele G of CAPN1530, 55% for the allele C of CAPN14751 and 41% for the allele A of CAPN15331. For Calpastatin gene the allele frequencies were: 66% for the allele A of the marker 2959 and 39% for the allele C of the marker CAST/Xmn1. On the other hand, the proportion of varying T of the gene LEP and reported to be associated with marbling was of 53%. The results indicate that the Colombian Creole Cattle besides being fully adapted to the environmental conditions, resistant to parasites and with docile temperament, they also present alleles of interest associated to meat quality traits that can be useful for programs of animal breeding and conservation.

EFECTO DE LA EDAD DE DESTETE Y DEL SISTEMA DE CRIA SOBRE LAS CARACTÉRÍSTICAS SENSORIALES DE LA CARNE AMPARADA POR LA IGP “TERNERA GALLEGA”
Pateiro M., Díaz S., Lorenzo J.M., Gende J.A., Fernández M., González J., García L. Rial F.J., Franco D.., pag 237-241. 

 full pdf (download 589, size 1094 KB)| abstract ESCONDER “Ternera Gallega” is a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) that protects beef from animals of Rubia Gallega and “Morenas Gallegas” breeds and crosses with other dairy breeds. According to the feeding and the livestock production system there are two different commercial categories for carcasses of animals slaughtered at 8-10 months of age: “Ternera Gallega Suprema”, for animals suckled with their mothers until at least seven months of age and “Ternera Gallega” for animals weaned at different ages, whose feed is based on forages and concentrates authorized by the PGI. This veal meat has characteristics of tenderness, juiciness, aroma and flavor of recognized prestige. These characteristics are related to the sensory characteristics of the sample and, therefore with the consumer acceptability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of weaning status and the livestock production system on the sensory characteristics of beef commercialized under the PGI “Ternera Gallega”. This study used 53 animals from different farms of Galicia, divided into three groups according to weaning period and the livestock production system: “Ternera Gallega Suprema” (TGS), “Ternera Gallega” of producer (TGP), “Ternera Gallega” of feedlot (TGC). Once slaughtered, the Longissimus dorsi muscle was extracted from the left half of each carcass in which were made the sensory study. Fifteen sensory descriptors grouped in appearance (red color and marbling), odour (intensity, lactic acid, vegetal, rancid and strange odour), flavour (intensity, rancid, vegetal and abnormal flavour) and texture (fibrousness, hardness, juiciness and chewiness) were evaluated. The obtained results showed significant sensory differences between animals depending on the weaning period. The sensory characteristics related to the appearance and texture (fibrousness, hardness and juiciness) were the main parameters on which these differences were found (P<0.05).

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE QUESO EN LAS ISLAS CANARIAS (ESPAÑA)
Fresno M., Álvarez S., Arteaga A.L., Benito D.T., Esparza M.R., Fabelo F., Fernández E., González E., González R., Martínez A., Monzón E., Navarrete A., Rodríguez A., Camacho, M.E.., pag 243-247.

 full pdf (download 884, size 1007 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In this paper is presented an approach to the structure of production in the different islands, as well as the amount of protected cheese, with average imports and exports of cheese amounts, and also, the effect of various aids. From these data sets the stage for future possibilities of this product by analyzing its major bottlenecks. As a result of this work it can be conclude that cheese is one of the Canary agriculture products with more future not only today but in the coming years.

CALIDAD SANITARIA DEL “CHARAL” (Menidia jordani) Y TORTILLA DE MAÍZ EN LA ALIMENTACION MEXICANA
Reséndiz M.R., Hernández Z.J.S., Ramírez H.R., Pérez A.R., pag 249-251.  

 full pdf (download 1927, size 1119 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The minnows are small fish, from fresh and clear, silvery white, about 5 cm long and are sold fresh or dried. They are a food with high nutritional value. In the dry state have a high amount of protein (74, 8%) and low fat (3, 9%), and that lack of cholesterol and saturated fats. They also contain omega 3, calcium, phosphorus, iron, thiamin, niacin, and vitamins A, B, C and E. The objective of this work was to study the sanitary quality of chub and corn tortilla Mexican food. Tortillas containing two grams of flour chub in 30 grams of corn mass. To prepare the tortilla griddle was used at a temperature of 140 0C, after cooking tortillas were introduced in sealed bags, to be taken to the laboratory for bacteriological samples were taken five cardinal points and tortilla media were seeded in blood agar, Staphylococcus agar, trypticase soy agar and brilliant green. The chub protein combination with the mass for the preparation of tortillas, bacteriological study showed the absence of any growth of gram positive or gram negative. Thus concludes that adding the corn tortilla, flour chub are enhanced protein levels of tortillas and Mexican will have on your table as an everyday commodity sanitary tortilla acceptable for consumption..

EL QUESO FRESCO ARTESANAL DE LA CANASTA BASICA Y SU CALIDAD SANITARIA EN TUZUAPAN, MEXICO
Reséndiz M.R., Hernández Z.J.S., Ramírez H.R., Pérez A.R.., pag 253-255.

 full pdf (download 1013, size 1048 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The artisanal cheese made from raw cow's milk, with spontaneous fermentation and short ripening using rudimentary practices and are not standardized. In this research the goal was to study the artisanal cheese of basic food and health quality. The study was conducted in the town of Tuzuapan, Puebla, Mexico. The bacteriology of the cheese was made in the laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, where total coliform, fecal coliform, staphylococcal and the detection of Salmonella was performed, using conventional bacteriology. Results show high loadings of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and E. coli, in different sites of fresh artisan cheese making. The presence of bacteria in lots of cheese worked, was an evidence of poor food safety product, either due to faulty hygiene in cheese making, not complying with the provisions of applicable health regulations of the samples analyzed for what cheeses made under these conditions are not fit to be part of the basic food basket of the 'population. Importantly artisanal cheese producers in this county do not assume common practice for both the cheese and there are no defined criteria for the product hygiene, for this reason it is important to train them.

DETERMINACIÓN DEL RIESGO RELATIVO DE DESCARTE EN UN REBAÑO DE VACAS MESTIZAS DOBLE PROPÓSITO EN VENEZUELA
Zambrano R., Chirinos Z., Bracho B., Yáñez L., Vito J., Moreno A., pag 259-262. 

 full pdf (download 625, size 1102 KB)| abstract ESCONDER To determine the relative risk of culling (RRC) were evaluated 247 lactations of 83 cows located in the tropical rainforest (TRF) life zone, temperature average 26 ºC and annual average rainfall 2050 mm. Were used survival analysis under Weibull model, considering productive life (PL) as number of days between the date of first calving to culling or end date of the study, and including the effects that influenced RRC: breed group (BG1 < 50% Bos taurus (BT); BG2 > 50% BT and BG3 undefined crossbreed), age at first calving (AFC), number of calving (NC), stage of lactation (SL), total milk production (TMP), adjusted 305-day milk production (MP305), lactation length (LL) and year-season of calving (YSC). The 82.11% of the cows had complete data, 1209.8 days of PL, 3.3 calving and 3419.7 kg of TMP. The effects that showed higher contribution to the likelihood (c2) were NC, SL, TMP and YSC (P<0.001). The highest RRC were for cows with AFC minor 35 months and major 38 months, breed group GR3, with TMP and MP305 lower yields than their contemporary and LL less than 250 days. A trend to increasing RRC from the beginning to the end of lactation. The R2 of Maddala (0.91) showed that the model was adequately adjusted for determine the effects that most influenced the RRC in the herd evaluated.

EL TRASPATIO FOMENTADO COMO UNA OPCIÓN DE PRODUCCIÓN SUSTENTABLE POR UN COLECTIVO DE CONBIAND
Rodríguez G., Aznar J., Camacho M.E., Carolino N., Hernández J.S., Lanari M., Perezgrovas R., Reising C.A., Stemmer A., Zaragoza M.L.., pag 263-266. 

 full pdf (download 845, size 1000 KB)| abstract ESCONDER This paper does not talk about animal production, it rather stresses the conjunction of efforts between specialized people in the subject, generated in the CONBIAND network and well interested in improving local zoogenetic resources in Iberoamerica. The technical-academic place in which CONBIAND has become through more than a decade, has allowed the organization of thematic groups from similar interests between some of those groups. The case of the “group” called Iberoamerican Backyard which begins inter-institutional labors conjunction for the study and promotion of the “productive place next to the family house” in Iberoamerica. So far it has come to be an issue in a roundtable discussion at the Symposium CONBIAND (Brazil 2010) and a thematic book presented at the Panama Symposium (2011). More recently there was a new concern about developing a consortial project that implements the methodology that permits the participant group to make coordinated progress about the understanding of backyard, and afterwards add to its promotion on: food security, nutrition, health, identity, family life, healthy entertainment, social networking and environmental services to Iberoamerican families, but mainly and under CONBIAND interests to the preservation of genetic resources. Collaboration between diverse CONBIAND groups to the use, promotion and enhancement of the sustainable farming systems which includes local breeds; is undeniably a relevant plus among multiple results of CONBIAND networking.

UNA PROPUESTA PARA LA CALIFICACIÓN FUNCIONAL-DEPORTIVA DEL GALLO COMBATIENTE ESPAÑOL
Delgado J.V., León J.M., Cabello A. , Haba M. de la, Gómez M., pag 267-269. 

 full pdf (download 680, size 988 KB)| abstract ESCONDER When a genetic selection program is designed in sport specialized populations, a starting problem is the clear and objective definition of the selection criteria. Such is the case of the Spanish fighting cock, a recognised animal in respect its sportive qualities in the so known “cock fights”. Some quantitative trait is needed which must be linked as a selection criteria to the selection objective to improve the fighting capacity of the animals. It is very difficult to get an objective qualification integrating the physic characteristics. To get a solution to these requirements, our team has developed a methodology following the tennis sport “ATP qualification”, where the animals integrated in the fighting circuit are yearly qualified in their fights in function of the consolidated qualifications of their opponents. In the victory the animal receive all the punctuation consolidated by the opponent, in the null fight the mean punctuation consolidated by both fighters is divided for both, in the loss the animal do not receive any point. Every year the animals in the circuit receive a final qualification resulting of the sum of all the qualifications obtained in the fights and certified by the breeders association. This total qualification will be an observation for the genetic valuation of the animal. Along the years a data base will be conformed to the repeated observation of the animals which will permit us to evaluate the additive genetic values of the animals for this trait and also the permanent environmental effect, presumably very influent in these functionalities.

DETERMINACIÓN DE CONSTANTES FISIOLÓGICAS EN MULARES DE CARGA DEL MUNICIPIO DE VALLE DE SAN JOSÉ, COLOMBIA
Barbosa J.J., Rodríguez E.A., Serrano L.K., Martínez B.D., Vargas-Bayona J.E., pag 271-273. 

 full pdf (download 1154, size 1084 KB)| abstract ESCONDER This study is aimed to determine physiological constants of working mules in an area of producing sugarcane, in the municipality of Valle de San José. 36 mules, 14 were males and 22 females were used. The owners of the specimens gave consent for participation in the study, and also the burden of work on sugar cane. Once inspected the animal, the team proceeded to measure the physiological constants, taking into account age (years), heart rate (beats / minute), pulse (pulse / minute), respiratory rate (breaths / minute), weight (kg) , height (cm) Temperature (⁰ C), capillary refill time (seconds), dehydration (%). were performed descriptive statistics for each of the variables, discriminating by gender. For each variable determine the mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum value, also used the Shapiro Wilk test to determine if the variables fit a normal distribution in each sex. Hypothesis tests were conducted to compare means between males and females using the test, where the variables were normally distributed, using the Wilcoxon Mann Whitney test for variables not normally distributed. It was found that there was no statistically significant differences between males and females allowing grouping information in a single table reference of the study variables. These values were consistent with the reference values for horses presented in the literature, however the maximum and minimum values were slightly higher. Finally, this study is a contribution of reference for large animal veterinarians on Colombian mule, since there are no reports on the physiological constants of bottlenose work

SISTEMA DE PRODUCCION DE RUMIANTES MENORES EN COCHABAMBA - BOLIVIA
Menacho M., Stemmer A., Ergueta R.., pag 275-278.

 full pdf (download 934, size 1037 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The objective of the present study was to characterize the production system of sheep and goats in three communities in the south of the department of Cochabamba. Thirteen families were visited every two months from March 2010 to February 2011. Methods of direct observations and semi structured interviews were applied, collecting data about livestock numbers, use of products of small ruminants, infrastructure for livestock, management, animal nutrition, gender aspects in decision taking, uses and importance of sheep and goats. An analysis of variance was carried out about the effect of communities on livestock numbers. The families of the study own higher numbers of small ruminants in comparison with other species. Management is mainly the task of women with the help of their children. It’s equally the women who take most decisions about activities related to small ruminants; men decide only about the acquisition of external inputs. Manure is the most important product; the abilities most appreciated are the use for saving and the resilience of animals. It is concluded that small ruminants play a very important role for smallholders.

RENDIMIENTO A LA FAENA EN POLLOS PROVENIENTES DE DOS GENOTIPOS DE REPRODUCTORES CAMPERO INTA
Sindik M., Revidatti F., Fernández R., Revidatti M., Michel M., Rigonatto T., pag 279-281. 

 full pdf (download 866, size 932 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The Campero INTA is a meat type chicken characterized by its hardiness and slower growth than the standard hybrid strains of broilers with, so it becomes a valid alternative to the producer in alternative production systems. This paper evaluates the variations in the carcass yielding of Campero INTA chickens obtained from crosses involving two maternal genotypes with different genetic selection processes (genotypes T and E). The production cycle lasted 84 days. It was utilized 140 chickens, divided into 4 experimental groups according to maternal genotype and sex (factorial 2x2). The birds were housed in 28 compartments, 7 per treatment, housing 5 chickens each. At 84 days body weight, carcass yield and breast were measured. Statistically significant differences were observed for carcass yield based on genotype and sex. The values obtained were 71, 86 ± 0, 99% in males of genotype T; 71, 02 ± 0, 65% in E males; 70, 18 ± 1, 31% in females T and 69, 33 ± 3, 63% in females E. There were no statistically significant differences for breast yield by genotype. However, the differences about sex were significant (p <0.05). Based on these results, it is considered that the different genotypes of Campero INTA breeders have subtle differences for carcass yield that are not reflected in significant differences for higher-value cuts.

COMPORTAMIENTO PRODUCTIVO DE POLLOS PROVENIENTES DE DOS
GENOTIPOS DE REPRODUCTORES CAMPERO INTA
Sindik M., Rigonatto T., Revidatti F., Fernández R., Revidatti M., Michel M.., pag 283-286. 

 full pdf (download 729, size 999 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The genetic heritage of the breeders directly influences on live production of progeny as body weight, feed intake and feed conversion. This paper evaluates the variations in the productive capacity of Campero INTA broilers obtained from crosses involving two maternal genotypes with different genetic selection processes. The trial was carried out in the Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of Northeast. The production cycle lasted 84 days. It was used 140 chickens of both sexes from two genotypes of Campero INTA breeder (T and E), divided into 4 experimental groups according to maternal genotype and sex (factorial 2x2). The birds were housed in 28 compartments, 14 per treatment, housing 5 chickens each. At 84 days body weight, feed intake and feed conversion were registered. Statistically significant differences were observed for body weight (3.319 ± 546,3 and 3.057 ± 594,4 g for the offspring T and E respectively) and feed intake (10.423 ± 1.201 and 9.346 ± 1.417,9 g for T and E) Feed conversion showed no statistically significant difference (3,17 ± 0,26 and 3,08 ± 0,17 for T and E). These results shows that different Campero INTA breeder genotypes produces manifest differences in consumption and growth of their offspring, but not feed conversion, which allows us to adopt one of the genotypes in according to different production targets

FORRAJERAS TROPICALES Y BANANO MADURO (Musa paradisiaca) EN EL ENGORDE DE CUYES (Cavia porcellus L.) EN EL CANTÓN QUEVEDO
Sánchez A., Zambrano D., Torres E., Meza G.., pag 287-290. 

 full pdf (download 262, size 1067 KB)| abstract ESCONDER We determined the improved productive performance of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus L.) under the effect of consumption of tropical and caraca kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb) Benth and poepigiana Erythrina) and three levels of ripe bananas (40; 60 and 80 g animal-1 day-1). We used a factorial arrangement 2 (forage) x 3 (levels of ripe bananas) + 1 (control, based on grass savoy + balanced), in a complete block design at random (RCBD) with three replications. 42 rabbits were used 21 days of age with an average weight of 225 g. To determine differences between means was applied multiple range test of Tukey (P≤0,05) and obtain the response surface, the orthogonal polynomials. We assessed food intake (g), weight gain (g), feed conversion, slaughter weight (g), carcass yield (%). The profitability of the treatments was determined using the benefit / cost. The kudzu was the largest forage intake (P<0,01) with respect to the caraca (57,55 and 22,68 g DM animal-1 day-1, respectively), but this last forage feed conversion reported more efficient (7,55). Ripe bananas levels increased (P<0,01) feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and carcass yield (69,60 g. DM animal-1 day-1, 7.12 g animal-1 day-1, 9,58 and 73,62% respectively). The best cost-benefit ratio is obtained by combining the caraca + 60 and 80 g of ripe bananas animal-1 day-1 (0,46).

CARACTERIZACION DE LOS SISTEMAS PRODUCTIVOS CAPRINOS EN EL MUNICIPIO DE VILLANUEVA, SANTANDER
Atuesta M.F., Daza L.M., Del Rio F.A., Garnica Y. M., Martínez D. A., Serrano-Novoa C.A., Vega J.L., Vargas-Bayona J., pag 293-296. 

 full pdf (download 877, size 994 KB)| abstract ESCONDER This work was developed in order to characterize goat production systems present on the Chicamocha river basin in the town of Villanueva, Santander, Colombia. The data collection took place in June 2013, using surveys with the producers; these surveys were designed with open and closed questions. Five production systems were sampled prior informed consent of the producer. Quantitative variables were analyzed the structure as well as qualitative variables asking about infrastructure and equipment. Descriptive analysis was applied for quantitative variables. The total area where goats graze in the region is of 1461 hectares where 1353 goats of the Santandereana races are grazing, alpine, saanen and the respective junctions between them, the average animal population for the sites was 301.6 ± 275, 1 in which age at first birth was 11.8 ± 0.83 months in all is common the birth to twins, age at slaughter is performed at 8.75 ± 4.47 months with a 28.75 ± 13.03 weight (kg). The five farms surveyed have housing and corral where animals sleep at night, supplemented with mineral salts in 80% of herds, the remaining 20%provide to the goats common salt. The rugged terrain prevents other agricultural activities are developed, so the increased economic activity in the area include the marketing of goats and goat dung.

ESTRATEGIAS EN AVICULTURA FAMILIAR CON CODORNICES (Coturnix coturnix japonica) EN EL ESTADO ARAGUA, REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
Flores M., Tamasaukas R., Florio-Luis J., Flores B., pag 297-302. 

 full pdf (download 2490, size 1117 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Urban and Periurban Family and Communal Poultry incorporates vulnerable families into poultry, therefor it was conducted a descriptive study with the application of an open dichotomous validated questionnaire (by experts and the Kuder – Richardson reliability coefficient) with technical visits to 38 Small and Medium producers of quail from different regions of Aragua state (representing 58.46% of the state total), with application of the relative frequencies to quantify data. Were determined several strategies: 1) Production of quail at gardens or terraces, with optimal use of available spaces, 2) Construction of incubators crafts from recycled waste materials, 3) Purchase of fertile eggs in other states to avoid inbreeding, 4) supply of broiler’s balanced food with a vitamin supplement, because of the difficulty of acquiring specific food for quail, 5) Preparation handmade cages with low cost materials or recycled waste materials, 6) detailed marketing of eggs in grocery stores, restaurants, schools, etc.; 7) Sale of birds (males and females) for direct consumption; 8) Production of cakes, punch, eggbased quail to diversify production and use of eggs when there is little demand for the product. 9) Grinding egg shells to make dietary supplements for quails or other animals. The quail egg production is profitable and also generates social benefits in the communities in which it develops.

PRODUCCION DE LECHE EN LLAMAS CRIADAS CON Y SIN CORRAL DE PERNOCTE
Yavi R., Stemmer A., pag 303-305. 

 full pdf (download 745, size 1016 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The study was carried out in four communities in the high Andes of the province of Ayopaya, department of Cochabamba with the aim to evaluate the effect of night sheds with and without roof on milk production in llamas during the rainy season 2011. A randomized blocks design was used. A total of 184 llamas were used (49 females with their respective crias were sheltered at night in roofed sheds and 43 females with their crias slept in sheds without roof). The trial lasted for 63 days. Milk production was registered once per week, applying the suckling method. Llamas managed in roofed sheds produced significantly more milk from the first to the fifth week of lactation, between 57 and 83 g in 12 hours. The suckling method is not to be recommended for crias older than 5 weeks, because they do not immediately try to suck once their muzzle is removed. Night temperatures had a minimum of 3oC and a maximum of 17oC in roofed sheds; in sheds without roofs the minimum was -2oC and the maximum 13oC.

CARACTERÍSTICAS MACROSCÓPICAS Y MICROSCÓPICAS DE LA MECHA Y LA FIBRA DE LANA EN LA OVEJA AUTÓCTONA FORMOSA DE ARGENTINA
Galdámez D., de la Rosa S., Perezgrovas R., Revidatti M.A., Rodríguez G., pag 309-312. 

 full pdf (download 1028, size 1009 KB)| asbstract ESCONDER In order to establish wool characteristics in the Formosa sheep breed from Argentina, fibres were measured with a ruler and counted manually with an illuminated magnifying glass. After recording greasy weight, samples were soaked in isopropilic alcohol (24 h) and then rinsed twice in isopropanol, dried at room temperature and conditioned for 48 h at 20°C and 62% relative humidity, prior to the recording of clean weight, which allowed the calculation of alcoholic scouring yield. A total of 82 samples were processed (25 rams and 57 ewes), obtained in 28 farms from 10 localities at the Formosa Province (Argentina). Results indicate that the fleece is double coated, with conical staples; length of long-coarse fibres is 12,00±6,9 cm and constitute 20,67±1,3% of the staple. Length of short-fine fibres is 8,99±4,5 cm representing 79,01±21,3% of the staple. Kemps are short (1,67±1,0 cm) and scarce (0,31± 0,8%); the composition of the staple is typical of the double coated fleeces. Differences were found in the macroscopic traits according to colour of the wool. Scouring yield was high (82,67±8,6%). For the microscopic studies, 1 mm sections were obtained from the clean samples, and later embedded in epoxy resin; diameter was measured in 312 fibres per sample (n=16). Diameter distribution histograms showed a broad range in the thickness of short-fine fibres (24-36 μm), long-coarse fibres from 40-52 μm and very few kemps. Differences were found in the mean fibre diameter according to the colour of the wool (26,9±8,6 μm in brown sheep). Formosa sheep has a double coated fleece with long conical staples, high scouring yield and significant differences in fibre characteristics depending on the colour of the wool.

AVES DE COMBATE EN EL TRASPATIO
Fuentes-Mascorro G., Salvador B., García M.A., pag 313-318 

 full pdf (download 2014, size 1015 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Backyard livestock production is distinguished by having animals generally Creoles or commercial animal crosses and sometimes the region's wildlife in captivity; in the Valles Centrales region of Oaxaca is common to find gallinaceous birds of fighting breed. Surveys were conducted directly to people in the region who have barnyard birds of fighting breed, in order to determine the production system. 92% of respondents consider this activity a hobby, for 6% it represents a tradition, and to the 14% it was inherited. Of the total population of 2765 specimens, 18,66% are players and 81,34% are bred for fighting. The players are selected by way of fighting (27,78%), by phenotype (13,33%), or because they won (12,22%). In one cage for fighting cocks are located one male and three females or one male and two females. Eggs are collected from the start and incubated with the same hen that laid them (72%), or with a turkey Meleagris gallopavo (48%), preventing that the turkey breeds the chicks by transferring them to a hen, arguing that the gentleness of this female and her way of walking are learned by the chicks, so that these are transferred to a hen for breeding. The feed used is of commercial origin and differs from that used to prepare the animals for the fight; at this stage a lot of foods not prepared for birds are used, damaging their organs. There is an abuse of substances such as cyanocobalamin, amino-acids, testosterone, anabolic drugs. The investment ranges from 36 to 3572 U.S. dollars per animal. In Mexico, the gamecock is synonymous with manliness and economic capacity. This practice is an example of cultural identity and a paradox of the backyard

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO REBANHO DE CABRAS SEMISSELVAGENS DAS MONTANHAS DO SUL DO ESPIRITO SANTO, BRASIL
Madella-Oliveira A.F., Quirino, C.R., pag 319-322. 

 full pdf (download 829, size 1054 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The goat production is an economic and ecological niche in developing countries, contributing to food security and survival of people in the rural areas. Livestock farming with small ruminants assumes a social character important to the population of these areas, ensuring supply of meat for consumption and income. Consequently, in this scenario the preference is for hardy animals, because there was a predominance of their extensive holdings, without the use of management techniques and virtually no control livestock. This study aimed to describe and characterize phenotypically mountain goats semi-wild south in Espírito Santo State, Brazil. The southern State of Espírito presents topography with very rugged mountainous terrain and an average temperature ranging from 20 ° C to 12 ° C and altitude of 708.9 meters on average. In this region were found naturalized herds of goats adapted to adverse conditions. We identified five properties with semi-wild animals, which are realeared and feed on the native vegetation of the mountains of the region. Rarely do animals have contact with the breeders use the meat of meat of than through, the hunting. The animals from different herds were characterized phenotypically through photographs, showing goats with ears very short or rudimentary, colors of the hair with various kinds of tones, with short or long hair, horns short to medium height and height with small and medium size. It is concluded that these goats are hardy animals and adapted to adverse conditions, with the phenotypic and genetic diversity, which should studied using molecular analysis.

ACOMPANHAMENTO E ORIENTAÇÃO TÉCNICA DE CRIADORES DE OVINOS DA REGIÃO NORTE DO ESTADO DE RIO DE JANEIRO-BRAZIL
Quirino C.R., Bartolazzi A.J., Carneiro da Silva R.M., Beltrame R.T., Pacheco A., Esteves A., Madella-Oliveira A.F., pag 323-326. 

 full pdf (download 588, size 985 KB)| abstract ESCONDER As a way to start a program of conservation and breeding of sheep breeds it´s necessary a minimum knowledge of the level of genetic diversity between and within breeds. Thus, one objective of this project was the monitoring and support the farmers, guiding they to use different selection practices of animal handling techniques and adopting prevention and control of gastrointestinal parasites. Were obtained the average weight and the morphometric measurements of Santa Inês sheep, improved productivity of animals and indexes, detecting also the herds have inbreeding and assessing the genetic variability of herds of Santa Inês of northern of state of Rio de Janeiro from the use of microsatellite markers. The low level of heterosigose observed in the animals, confirms, as a preliminary approach, a high level of inbreeding in herds.

UNA HISTORIA DE VIDA EN EL TRASPATIO Y SUS GALLINAS
Hernández Z.J.S., González H.T., Pérez A.R., Silva G.S.E.,Barreiro Z.S.M., Reséndiz M.R..

 full pdf (download 882, size 1078 KB)| abstract ESCONDER This work is a careful study of the backyard and food security using as a method of research to the life history. This qualitative method can be information that is not provided with the quantitative. So was the life story of "Doña Tere", a woman 60- years old is engaged in backyard poultry and who gets many more benefits than just food security. It is noteworthy that in recent years has increased the price of the basic food basket in Mexico and thus reduced the number of people with access to a quality food. This and other problem raises the idea of the backyard as a model of sustainability and support for food security. This is a practice that takes place from ancient times in our country mainly in rural communities; it is a space (within the house) for the cultivation of crops and raising animals, which can be used for family consumption or sale of some of them. Are quantitative history of contributions from the backyard to the family however remains to understand some aspects of the social problems, which is accomplished with the history of life; with it you can discover the practices in everyday life that have been forgotten, told by common actors, but are of great help to try to understand a part of the social system. This is the case of "Doña Tere" and her chikens of backyard. Due to its history of life and the relationship with your backyard, were able to identify aspects that were not perceived as the following: there is a concern about the environment and coexistence with nature; knowledge was transmitted by their ancestors (previous generation) through the method of observation or the dialogue of knowledge; they accept more and better food generated

LIMITANTES SOCIOECONÓMICAS DE LOS SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCIÓN CAPRINA EN EL SUR DEL ESTADO DE MÉXICO
Dorantes C.E.J., Torres H.G., Castañeda B.V.J., Hernández M.O., Gallegos S.J., Becerril P.C.M., Rojo R.R.., pag 333-336. 

 full pdf (download 811, size 1094 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Thirty interviews were made to goat producers in 7 village located in the Municipality of Amatepec, state of México in order to determine component and socioeconomic limitations of the local goat production system under a semiextensive management system. A descriptive, prospective, and transversal study was performed, where goats graze 6,2±2,6 hs daily in the morning in paddocks of 3,3±3,7 ha and are penned overnight. Goats have been graded-up with Nubian bucks in different proportions in order to produce animals for meat, with 33 % of finished animals for sale, 17 % % of weanling kid for sale, and 27 % of animals for self-consumption, utilizing 67 % of family labor. Average age of producers was 51,9±11,1 years, forming families of 6,7±2,5 members. Concerning education, 33 % do not know how to read and write and only 27 % finished primary school. Herd size is 15,1±11,1 animals per producer. Related to feeding of goats, 50 % give supplementary feeding, offering whole corn mainly in the rainy season; no minerals are given, buy producers offer common salt. There is no health program, drenchings are practiced in 93 %, 2 or 3 times a year. It is concluded that age of producer, low education, small size of herds and a high number of family members limit the technological change..

PRIMEROS RESULTADOS DE LA EVALUACIÓN GENÉTICA PARA CARACTERES MORFOLÓGICOS LINEALES EN LA RAZA MURCIANO-GRANADINA
Gómez M., Miranda J.C., León J.M., Pleguezuelos J., Delgado J.V.., pag 339-342. 

 full pdf (download 472, size 989 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Murciano-Granadina is the most important Spanish goat breed both for census and production. In the last years, its productivity and profitability of milk production have been considerably increased. Presently linear score for milk biotype has been established as a new breeding objective. Linear scoring methodology permit evaluate each characteristic with a biological scale ranged from 1 to 9. Six hundred and fifty-four goats belonging to six herd of the top breeding nucleus were evaluated using a kinship matrix of 890 animals. A total of 17 traits were considerated: Stature, chest width, body depth, rump width, rump angle, angularity, bone quality, anterior and posterior attachment height, half superior ligament, udder width, udder depth, nipples placement, teat diameter, rear legs view, lateral legs view and mobility. The genetic evaluation was carried out using a Simple Animal Model through MTDFRML package. Precision of the obtained genetics value ranged from 0,22 and 0,88 for males and 0,15 and 0,88 for females..

EFECTO DE LA ESTRATEGIA DE CRIA SOBRE EL PESO AL DESTETE DE LOS BECERROS Y LA PRODUCTIVIDAD DE VACAS DOBLE PROPÓSITO
Chirinos Z., Faría-Mármol J., pag 343-346. 

 full pdf (download 749, size 992 KB)| abstract ESCONDER A trial was conducted in the farm "Alto Viento", in order to compare the effect of breeding strategies used: suckling traditional in the Zulia region, Venezuela (TS) and delayed suckling (DS) on weaning weight of calves (weaning weight adjusted to 244 days, W244, weight gain, GW) and productivity of cows (milk production: saleable, MPS; total, TMP; lactation length, LL; days open, DO). Were used sixteen crossbred cows and their calves. Cows in TS were completely milked twice a day in only three udders, leaving one for the calf which stayed with the mother 30 min. after each milking (2 am and 2 pm) and supplemented with commercial feed at 100, 200 gr during the first and second month of age and 300 gr after the third month to weaning. Cows in DS were completely milked once a day (2 am), finished milking the calf was immediately retired, and 8 hours after milking were allowed to nurse for 30 min. Were used a generalized randomized block design. Although DS were lower (P <0.05) in MPS, TMP and LL (6.1±0.4 kg/day, 2323.2±201.4 kg and 261.6±11.6 d) versus TS (9.4±0.4 kg/day, 3009.8±201.4 kg and 343.1±12.0 d) were higher (P <0.05) in W244 and GW with 178.8±9.3 kg and 0.595±0.03 kg/day in DS and 153.3±9.6 kg and 0.500±0.03 kg.day for TS, respectively. Cows were highly variable in DO (CV = 63.8%) with 161.8± 96.5 d average. DS appears to provide benefits by improving preweaning growth traits in calves.

EFECTO DE CARACTERES DE TIPO EN LA VIDA PRODUCTIVA DE VACAS NORMANDO COLOMBIANO
Bernal Rubio Y.L., Cantet R.J.C., pag 347-354. 

 full pdf (download 662, size 1184 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In order to continue the previous works, and to response to the inquiry of the Asociación Colombiana de Criadores de Ganado Normando ASONORMANDO about the genetic evaluation of dams and their reproductive performance on the production systems in the country, the impact of type traits on the productive life of dairy cows was evaluated. 2516 records of productive life and type traits from 798 Colombian Normando cows, belonging to 66 dairy farms and collected between 1993 and 2005 were used. A Weibull frailty survival model was adjusted, including fixed effects of parity number, the farm-altitude-production system interaction, and the following type traits: Height at the sacrum, chest width, fore udder, thurl direction, pin bones width, teat placement, rear udder, thurl width and back. The sire breeding value was the random effect included in the model. The percentage of censored data was 44,9%. Sire variance ( 2 σs ), Weibull shape parameter related to culling risk (r) and effective ( 2 eff h ) and equivalent ( 2 equ h ) heredabilities were estimated. The estimations of 2 σs , r, 2 eff h and 2 equ h were 0,00212; 4,91; 0,0085 and 0,0047 respectively. The results show the influence of type traits related to dairy aptitude and to the udder conditions on culling decisions, due to its relation with productive and health problems (mastitis, among others).

EVALUACIÓN GENÉTICA DE CARACTERÍSTICAS DE CRECIMIENTO DEL OVINO PELIBUEY EN TABASCO, MÉXICO
Quiroz J., Guerrero G., Oliva J. , Granados L., Barrón M., pag 355-360. 

 full pdf (download 862, size 966 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In a diagnosis on the sheep breeding was detected that the low availability of proven animal breeders is a strategic line of research which must be addressed in Tabasco, Mexico. The efforts of breeders are essential to assess and identify animals with productive characteristics with economic importance. Based on the literature review on the technological offer for breeding animals, the technology to meet this strategy is available in Mexico and there are several institutions that could support the development of programs with the associations of breeders of different races. However, there is a poor commitment of associations to integrate and invest in genetic improvement programs. By now, the associations materialize to import live animals by selecting them exclusively by morphological characteristics. To obtain breeding values for weaning weights characters were available productive and genealogical information from registrations made on 244 lambs born in 2011, from 18 rams, pertaining to four genetically connected flocks. The evaluated animals (rams, ewes and lambs) are 449. For the estimation of breeding values was used BLUP methodology with maternal effects, the analysis model included the effects of flock-Month Interaction birth, lamb sex (male or female) and birth type (single, double , triple). The range of expected progeny difference (DEP) in the 18 rams for the weaning weight adjusted to 60 days was 1,83 to -2,32 with a confidence interval between 0,44 and 0,86. The average number of offspring per ram was 13 with a range of 3 to 37. We conclude that BLUP methodology provides quality results when doing a progeny test on flock genetically connected